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با توجه به حساسیت بسیاری از تجهیزات ابزار دقیق و شرایط عملکردی آنها، اطلاع از میزان تغییرات رطوبت و دمای نقطه شبنم، در بسیاری از سیستم های صنعتی از اهمیت بالایی برخوردار است.
دماهای کمتر از نقطه تشکیل شبنم، در صنایع برودتی و سیستم های هوای فشرده به دلیل اینکه می توانند باعث یخ زدگی و مسدود شدن لوله ها شوند، بسیار حائز اهمیت هستند.
از این رو، همواره از دستگاه هایی با نام دیوپوینت متر یا سنسور نقطه تشکیل شبنم استفاده می شود تا از تراکم ناخواسته و مشکلات مربوط به آن جلوگیری شود و به حفظ شرایط بهینه کمک می کند.
در حقیقت دیوپوینت متر جهت اندازه گیری میزان رطوبت در خطوط هوای فشرده و یا گازهای صنعتی و همچنین به منظور افزایش کیفیت هوای خروجی درایرهای جذبی از دیوپوینت متر استفاده می گردد.
برای آشنایی با این ابزار کاربردی، بهتر است ابتدا مفاهیمی پیرامون نقطه تشکیل شبنم را بدانیم و سپس به عملکرد خود دستگاه بپردازیم. با ما همراه باشید.
دیوپوینت یا نقطه تشکل شبنم، دمایی است که در آن هوا در هر فشار معین، از رطوبت اشباع می شود و در نتیجه شبنم، مه یا یخبندان ایجاد می شود. این شاخص، تعیین کننده رطوبت است و در کاربردهای مختلف از جمله نفت و گاز، پیش بینی آب و هوا و زندگی روزمره (در خانه) نقش بسزایی دارد.
بر اساس آزمایشگاه ملی فیزیکی (NPL)، نقطه تشکیل شبنم به این صورت تعریف می شود: “در هنگام خنک کردن گاز، دمایی که در آن شبنم یا تراکم ایجاد می شود. جایی که چگالش یخ اتفاق می افتد، این نقطه به عنوان نقطه یخ نیز شناخته می شود”.
به عبارت دیگر، نقطه شبنم دمایی است که در آن بخار آب موجود در نمونه ای از هوا و با فشار بارومتری ثابت، با همان سرعتی که تبخیر می شود، به شکل آب مایع چگالیده می شود (نرخ تبخیر آب مایع با نرخ میعان بخار آب برابر می شود).
تصور کنید در یک بزرگراه هستید و تعداد اتومبیل هایی که در مسیر رفت قرار دارند، برابر با اتومبیل های مسیر بازگشت است و بنابراین، این رفت و برگشت اتومبیل ها، برآیند صفر دارد.
در مورد نقطه شبنم هم همین روند کلی صحت دارد. یعنی همان دمایی که تعادل بین تبخیر آب و چگالش آن یکسان می شود، دمای شبنم است.
هنگامی که هوا در دمایی کمتر از نقطه شبنم خنک شود، ظرفیت رطوبت آن کاهش می یابد و بخار آب موجود در هوا متراکم شده و آب مایع را تشکیل می دهد که معمولاً به عنوان شبنم شناخته می شود. اگر این اتفاق به دلیل تماس هوا با سطح سردتر رخ دهد، شبنم روی آن سطح ایجاد می شود.
هر چه هوا حاوی رطوبت بیشتری باشد، نقطه شبنم آن بالاتر می رود. هنگامی که دما پایین تر از نقطه انجماد آب است، نقطه شبنم را نقطه یخ زدگی می نامند، زیرا از طریق رسوب گذاری به جای تراکم، پدیده یخبندان شکل می گیرد.
توجه به این نکته مهم است که چگالش آب زمانی رخ می دهد که سطح رطوبت در حد اشباع باشد (یعنی 100٪ RH) و دمای کمتری از دمای نقطه شبنم داشته باشد. دما مستقیماً بر نقطه شبنم تأثیر نمی گذارد، بلکه تأثیر آن بر رطوبت نسبی (rh٪) و رطوبت مطلق (Pv) است.
تاثیرات دما بر نقطه شبنم
فشار نیز یک متغیر مهم است که نقطه شبنم را تعیین می کند. هنگامی که فشار افزایش می یابد، مولکول های گاز فشرده می شوند و گاز متراکم تر می شود. در هوا یا گاز متراکم تر، مولکول های بخار آب بیشتر با یکدیگر برخورد کرده و به آب مایع تبدیل می شوند.
این بدان معناست که در شرایط فشار بخار کم، گاز یا هوا می تواند پیش از رسیدن به اشباع در 100 درصد، بخار آب بیشتری را نگه دارد. در مقایسه، شرایط فشار بخار بالاتر، منجر به تشکیل یخ زدگی می شود.
یک اصل رایج در اندازه گیری نقطه شبنم این است که افزایش فشار، به طور کلی نقطه شبنم را افزایش می دهد، در حالی که کاهش فشار آن را کاهش می دهد.
بر خلاف سایر متغیرهای فرآیند مانند دما، فشار و جریان، رطوبت دو ویژگی منحصر به فرد دارد:
منظور از رطوبت یا humidity، به سادگی مقدار مایعات، به خصوص مولکول های واقعی آب است که در یک گاز یا مایع حل می شود. همیشه سطحی از رطوبت در هوای اطراف ما وجود دارد، اما وقتی صحبت از فرآیندهای صنعتی به میان می آید، سطح رطوبت اغلب باید کنترل شود.
می توان آن را در اشکال مختلف یافت: بخار آب که در هوا وجود دارد و آب مایع که در غذاها، محصولات تجاری و حتی خاک یافت می شود.
میزان رطوبت یک پارامتر مهم برای بسیاری از فرآیندها می باشد. برخلاف رطوبت نسبی یا نقطه شبنم، میزان رطوبت با فشار یا دما تغییر نمی کند و مقدار آن به صورت قسمت در میلیون (ppm) بیان می شود.
رطوبت مطلق عبارت است از جرم کامل بخار آب موجود در حجم یا جرم معینی از هوا و رابطه ای با دما ندارد.
رطوبت ویژه، نسبت جرم بخار آب به جرم کل بسته هوا است. با کاهش دما، میزان بخار آب نیز کاهش می یابد.
رطوبت ویژه
رطوبت نسبی، معیاری برای سنجش رطوبت، از نظر نقطه اشباع آن است. همانند حل شدن جامدات در مایع، گاز نیز تنها می تواند مقدار معینی از رطوبت محلول را پیش از شروع به متراکم شدن به فاز مایع در خود نگه دارد.
رطوبت نسبی
نقطه اشباع بسته به دمای گاز و فشار متفاوت است، با دماهای بالاتر و فشارهای پایین تر اجازه می دهد تا رطوبت بیشتری به عنوان رطوبت در گاز نگه داشته شود. اگر دما کاهش یابد یا فشار افزایش یابد، نقطه اشباع تغییر می کند و %rh نیز افزایش می یابد. %rh معیاری است که نشان می دهد رطوبت گاز چقدر به نقطه اشباع نزدیک است.
رطوبت نسبی و مطلق و دما
نقطه شبنم به جای نگاه کردن به ظرفیت گاز برای نگهداری رطوبت، دمایی را که در آن رطوبت مایع شروع به چگال شدن می کند، اندازه گیری می کند. همانند رطوبت نسبی، دمای نقطه شبنم به فشار گازی که اندازه گیری می شود، بستگی دارد.
نقطه شبنم آب در نمودار دما برحسب فشار
نقطه شبنم در کاربردهایی که اپراتورها نیاز به جلوگیری از چگالش رطوبت دارند – برای مثال در لوله کشی که دمای محیط ممکن است به زیر صفر برسد، بسیار مفید هستند. همچنین، یک پارامتر رایج برای نظارت بر خروجی خشک کن های صنعتی است و ممکن است در مقررات کیفیت نیز قید شود.
معادله بخار آبی که استفاده می کنید، بستگی به این دارد که نقطه شبنم بالاتر یا کمتر از 0 درجه سانتیگراد باشد. در ساده ترین حالت ممکن، معادله زیر به کار می رود:
که در آن Tdew دمای نقطه شبنم (بر حسب درجه سانتیگراد)، T دمای مشاهده شده (بر حسب درجه سانتیگراد) و RH رطوبت نسبی (بر حسب درصد) است. ظاهراً این رابطه برای مقادیر رطوبت نسبی بالای 50 درصد نسبتاً دقیق است.
دمای نقطه شبنم در هوای فشرده از محیط حتی تا 80- درجه سانتیگراد (112- درجه فارنهایت) در موارد خاص متغیر است. سیستم های کمپرسور بدون قابلیت خشک کردن هوا، تمایل به تولید هوای فشرده دارند که در دمای محیط اشباع می شود.
سیستم های دارای خشک کن مبرد، هوای فشرده را از طریق مبدل حرارتی عبور می دهند و باعث می شود آب از جریان هوا متراکم شود. این سیستم ها معمولاً هوا با نقطه شبنم کمتر از 5 درجه سانتیگراد (41 درجه فارنهایت) تولید می کنند.
سیستم های خشک کن Desiccant، بخار آب را از جریان هوا جذب می کنند و می توانند هوای با نقطه شبنم 40- درجه سانتی گراد (40- درجه فارنهایت) تولید کنند و در صورت نیاز خشک تر شوند.
رطوبت سنج ها، میزان رطوبت هوا را اندازه گیری می کنند و در انواع مختلفی از جمله مکانیکی، الکترونیکی و دیجیتال در بازار وجود دارند. یک نوع رایج رطوبت سنج، دیوپوینت متر است.
این دستگاه ها، معمولاً دارای یک سطح مسطح هستند (آینه لعابدار) که با عبور جریان هوا، تا زمانی که چگالش اتفاق بیفتد، خنک می شود و دمای سطح در آغاز میعان، به عنوان دمای نقطه شبنم ثبت می گردد.
قسمت های اصلی چیدمان یک دستگاه دیوپوینت متر عبارت اند از:
شماتیک کلی از عملکرد دیوپوینت متر
اصل عملکردی دستگاه دیوپوینت متر بر اساس تعریف اساسی نقطه شبنم، یعنی خنک کردن حجمی از هوا تا تشکیل میعان و اصل فناوری سرد کردن آینه می باشد.
آینه به طور مداوم توسط یک خنک کننده، سرد می شود. خنک کننده در دمای ثابت نگهداری می شود.
به این آینه یک ترموکوپل متصل است که سیم های آن به یک میلی ولت متر متصل است. بعلاوه، یک منبع نور به طور مداوم بر روی آینه متمرکز است.
هنگامی که هوای حاوی بخار آب (رطوبت) با زاویه ای به سمت آینه هدایت می شود، بخار آب شروع به متراکم شدن روی سطح آینه می کند. به دلیل این تراکم، قطرات کوچک شبنم روی آینه تشکیل می شود (به صورت قطره های کوچک ظاهر می شود).
با تشکیل شبنم، مقدار نور منعکس شده از آینه کاهش می یابد. یک فوتوسل یا آشکارساز نوری، میزان کاهش نور منعکس شده ناشی از تشکیل شبنم را حس می کند. اولین تغییر در مقدار نور عبوری نشان دهنده تشکیل شبنم است.
در این لحظه، دمای نشان داده شده توسط ترموکوپل متصل به آینه به دمای نقطه شبنم تبدیل می شود. به این ترتیب، تعیین زمانی که شبنم برای اولین بار ظاهر می شود، برای تعیین دمای نقطه شبنم استفاده می شود.
یک دیوپوینت متر پرتابل دیجیتالی
دستگاه دیوپوینت متر دمایی را تعیین می کند که در آن میعان مایعاتی مانند آب، در فشاری معین شروع به تشکیل می کند که با مقدار بخار آب موجود در یک گاز مرتبط است.
در حالی که اندازه گیری نقطه شبنم معمولاً با گزارش آب و هوا مرتبط است، در فرآیندهای مختلف صنعتی نیز بسیار مهم است. رطوبت بیش از حد می تواند بر کیفیت محصول، عملکرد و مواد تأثیر بگذارد.
به یاد داشته باشید، اندازه گیری های دقیق برای عملیات کارآمد و کنترل کیفیت ضروری هستند. اگر شرایط خاصی دارید، مشورت با کارشناسان یا بررسی محصولات تولیدکنندگان معتبر را در نظر بگیرید. 😊
امیدواریم که این مقاله برای شما مفید بوده است. پیشنهاد می کنیم که از بخش محصولات شرکت بلورآزما نیز دیدن کنید. در صورت نیاز، می توانید کاتالوگ محصولات را نیز به طور رایگان دانلود نمایید.
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